{"id":590,"date":"2023-06-08T11:54:04","date_gmt":"2023-06-08T04:54:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/humangeography.edu.vn\/?p=590"},"modified":"2023-06-08T12:21:02","modified_gmt":"2023-06-08T05:21:02","slug":"cac-ket-qua-nghien-cuu-tieu-bieu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/humangeography.edu.vn\/?p=590","title":{"rendered":"K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

QUY\u1ec0N TI\u1ebeP C\u1eacN C\u1ee6A NG\u01af\u1edcI D\u00c2N V\u1edaI BI\u1ec2N: TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI V\u00c0 VI\u1ec6T NAM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb H\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh, \u0110\u1eb7ng V\u0103n B\u00e0o<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khoa \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0110HQGHN<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract: Protecting the right of public access to the coast is one of the most important functions of a coastal setback zone. However, even when Law on Sea and Islands Natural Resources and Environment has been adopted since 2015, Vietnamese government has still faced several difficulties in establishing a coastal setback zone. This delayed action causes a series of economic constructions at every level continue to rise, invading the coastal space and therefore violating the right of public access. This report was written in order to build a theoretical and practical framework for public access to the coast as an initial step to establish a coastal setback zone \u2013 one of the current compulsory requirement for the coastal zone management of Vietnam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keywords<\/em><\/strong>: the right of public access to the coast, coastal zone of Vietnam, coastal setback zone<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a WB, h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t \u2013 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean bi\u1ec3n. Theo OECD, bi\u1ec3n cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn 1,5 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 USD h\u00e0ng n\u0103m cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a FAO cho bi\u1ebft ngh\u1ec1 c\u00e1 v\u00e0 thu\u1ef7 h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o sinh k\u1ebf cho 10-12% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 90% sinh s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft thu\u1ef7 h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 2014, ngh\u1ec1 c\u00e1 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1edbi 167 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n c\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra g\u1ea7n 148 t\u1ef7 USD h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 17% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng protein \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o [14].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t vui ch\u01a1i, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 tham quan \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a UNWTO n\u0103m 2013, g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n [9]. S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a EU c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y du l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea3o chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n ng\u00e0nh du l\u1ecbch, trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian l\u01b0u tr\u00fa \u0111\u00eam c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea3o chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 45% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00eam l\u01b0u tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n du kh\u00e1ch [6].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng t\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi [5], l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi [8]. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai hay c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, n\u00ean b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n \u1edf tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u1edf to\u00e0n d\u1ea3i ven bi\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y, b\u00e0i b\u00e1o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0: t\u1ed5ng quan t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c ven bi\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh ven bi\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. C\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 <\/strong>quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ead<\/strong>n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n (hay \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f4ng t\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u2013 public access to the coast) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nay. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt t\u00edn th\u00e1c c\u00f4ng (Public Trust Doctrine): \u201c\u2026kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, di t\u00edch, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>\u201d [8]. Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u1ed7i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede bang Nova Scotia \u2013n\u1eb1m \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Canada, quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn, s\u1edd v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. Quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 du kh\u00e1ch. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p du l\u1ecbch. Theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cnh\u00ecn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u0111i qua c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng h\u1ea3i thu\u1ef7, chi tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00ed, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00f9ng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d [12].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a bang Washington, M\u1ef9, quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cs\u1edd, ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e9p n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham quan tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1edd t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn\u201d. Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1edd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n, phao n\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng, khu vui ch\u01a1i, c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1ee3t (\u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 thu\u1ef7 t\u00e0u). B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd ho\u1eb7c v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a bang Washington nh\u01b0 Lu\u1eadt Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd (Shoreline Management Act), v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n (Coastal Zone Management Act) [5].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U\u1ef7 ban b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecbnh San Francisco, M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 \u201cth\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i d\u1ea1o, \u0111i xe \u0111\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n phi m\u00e1y m\u00f3c kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e2u c\u00e1, c\u1eafm tr\u1ea1i, l\u01b0\u1edbt v\u00e1n, ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ebfn b\u00e3i kh\u00e1c.\u201d Gi\u1eefa khu v\u1ef1c cho ph\u00e9p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng d\u1eabn ra b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n [10].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n hay quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f4ng t\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tham quan, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2. C\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u1ea3y sinh trong th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n th\u00ec c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u1ea3y sinh: m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng, gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede bang Connecticut (M\u1ef9), m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n d\u1ea5y l\u00ean do xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u00f3 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Connecticut duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 thu\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 thu ph\u00ed kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng. V\u00e9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n \u1edf tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf to\u00e0 th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n. Do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Connecticut [14].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bang California c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Malibu, Newport Beach. \u1ede b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n Broad Beach thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Malibu, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n x\u00fac c\u00e1t bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ho\u00e1 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Malibu, nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111i qua kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng nh\u1eadn ra khu v\u1ef1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n [9].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Mabibi c\u1ee7a Nam Phi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0 d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n v\u00ec khu resort ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cao c\u1ea5p Thonga Beach Lodge; khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang ra bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0 d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ng\u0103n c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u00f3n kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a resort m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn khu b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng [13].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede Philippines, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n b\u1edd ho\u1eb7c ngay tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e0o, khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng b\u1edd b\u1ecb bao l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n ph\u00eda trong. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3ng, b\u1ebfn b\u00e3i, b\u1edd k\u00e8, b\u1edd \u0111\u00ea, t\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u0103n… \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u0169ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c khu resort \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y[4].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf, b\u1edfi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n [7]. Canouan, m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf \u1edf ph\u00eda nam qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o Saint Vincent v\u00e0 Grenadines, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i thu\u00ea l\u1ea1i 2\/3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t khu t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la g\u1ed3m kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, casino v\u00e0 s\u00e2n golf. Kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, thu h\u00fat ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ebfn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n 1000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n sinh s\u1ed1ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1, l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 du l\u1ecbch, th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2u c\u00e1, th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2000, do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u1edbi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a khu t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Godahl Beach. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n ra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o Seychelles [7].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3. <\/em><\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o<\/em><\/strong> <\/em><\/strong>quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng [7], l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi [8], do \u0111\u00f3, quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, nhi\u1ec1u bang c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n. To\u00e0 \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao Connecticut (M\u1ef9) \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1). N\u0103m 2002, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n California c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Malibu ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1i \u0111a ho\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, Malibu \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 tr\u00ean b\u1edd, c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf d\u1eabn t\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn tham quan c\u0169ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho du kh\u00e1ch. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Rio de Janeiro, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, t\u1eeb gi\u00e0u \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u00e8o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 da \u0111en l\u1eabn da tr\u1eafng [9].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede bang Washington (M\u1ef9), ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc hay cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i hoang d\u00e3 th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u01a1n. Tuy v\u1eady, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 dung ho\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00f2i quan s\u00e1t, tr\u1ea1m tham quan hay \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i b\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 du kh\u00e1ch [5].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede Philippines, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t bi\u1ec3n s\u1ebd b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n b\u1edd khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eeba m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 6m, d\u1ecdc theo c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u00e1t b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc theo t\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u0111i l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha, hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u0111ang c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c \u1edf Philippines. \u0110i\u1ec1u 13A trong h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u00ea v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n (Foreshore Lease Contract) b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng b\u00ean thu\u00ea ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ea7n b\u1edd, cho c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh k\u1ebf hay ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n 3m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u1edfi b\u00ean thu\u00ea. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec b\u00ean thu\u00ea s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng [4].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, Lu\u1eadt Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Brazil, Lu\u1eadt 690 c\u1ee7a Nicaragua, Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Australia,…[11]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 3260km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t 46,2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n 50% so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc.M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1t 545 ng\u01b0\u1eddi\/km2<\/sup>, cao h\u01a1n g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc (280 ng\u01b0\u1eddi\/km2<\/sup>) [3]. V\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac d\u00e2n c\u01b0 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai ph\u00eda trong nh\u1edd v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khai th\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n cho canh t\u00e1c, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. V\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 H\u1ea1 Long, H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, Thanh Ho\u00e1, Vinh, Hu\u1ebf, Nha Trang, Quy Nh\u01a1n, V\u0169ng T\u00e0u, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh,… \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2, \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 an ninh, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.1. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o <\/em><\/strong>quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ead<\/em><\/strong>n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n<\/em><\/strong> <\/em><\/strong>\u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, theo c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ec1u: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c (perpendicular access) v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u ngang (lateral access). Quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh chi ti\u1ebft \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadt hay ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u ngang l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, \u0111i l\u1ea1i d\u1ecdc b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tham quan, vui ch\u01a1i, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh k\u1ebf,… Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean d\u1ea3i ven bi\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p cho h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng resort, khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cao c\u1ea5p d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1eafn l\u1ed1i \u0111i ra bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n che ch\u1eafn h\u1ebft t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn ra bi\u1ec3n; c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p cho c\u00e1c Khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, Khu kinh t\u1ebf (kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn khai th\u00e1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean bi\u1ec3n) \u1edf v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y \u0111i kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian cho c\u00e1c sinh k\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng du l\u1ecbch, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i Thanh Ho\u00e1, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng sai ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a FLC S\u1ea7m S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n S\u1ea7m S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y b\u1ee9c x\u00fac trong d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. Khu v\u1ef1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc FLC v\u1eabn \u0111ang b\u1ecb kho\u00e1, \u201ckho\u00e1\u201d khu v\u1ef1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc resort, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ed1t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa FLC v\u00e0 khu kh\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede H\u00e0 T\u0129nh, vi\u1ec7c vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ra d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n khu li\u00ean h\u1ee3p gang th\u00e9p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng S\u01a1n D\u01b0\u01a1ng Formosa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ngay v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n V\u0169ng \u00c1ng, H\u00e0 T\u0129nh r\u1ed9ng 2.025ha (di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n), v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh 281ha b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u00e3i th\u1ea3i x\u1ec9 v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee9a l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u m3<\/sup> t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2008. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Formosa n\u1eb1m tr\u1ecdn tr\u00ean b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n, che l\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 5km b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3 th\u1ea3i ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Formosa \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh k\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n, t\u1eafm bi\u1ec3n,…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, d\u1ecdc b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u resort cao c\u1ea5p n\u1eb1m ngay s\u00e1t b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, chi\u1ebfm tr\u1ecdn t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn ra bi\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0: Khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng Furama, \u0110\u00f4 th\u1ecb du l\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Ariyana, Fusion Maya Resort, Olalani Resort, Silver Shores International Resort, Vinpearl Luxury Da Nang, The Song Da Nang Beach Villas, Hyatt Regency Da Nang Resort and Spa, Sandy Beach Resort, Pulchra Da Nang,… Tr\u00ean qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ed1i xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 b\u00e3i M\u1ef9 Kh\u00ea, b\u00e3i S\u01a1n Thu\u1ef7, b\u00e3i Non N\u01b0\u1edbc,… Nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i n\u00e0y m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m nguy hi\u1ec3m, c\u1ea5m t\u1eafm (hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng khi \u0111i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba m\u00f9a m\u01b0a \u2013 th\u00e1ng 7). V\u00ec nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, quy ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c ven bi\u1ec3n, nh\u1eb1m thu h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y resort ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n du l\u1ecbch c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   \u1ede Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, c\u00e1c b\u00e3i C\u1eeda \u0110\u1ea1i, C\u1eeda H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kho\u00e1 b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c resort Vinpearl, Furama, Victoria, Golden Sand,… Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c resort n\u00e0y b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ed1t canh c\u1ee7a resort tr\u00ean b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nha Trang l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m du l\u1ecbch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, mang t\u1ea7m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 resort v\u00e0 khu bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cao c\u1ea5p. H\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c resort nh\u01b0 Champarama, Amiana m\u1ecdc l\u00ean, bao chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Nha Trang. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo chi\u1ec1u vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo chi\u1ec1u ngang l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m. Trong \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam d\u00f9, gh\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n, nhi\u1ec1u gh\u1ebf, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn s\u00e1t m\u00e9p n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Ph\u00fa Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch \u0111ang thu h\u00fat ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u du kh\u00e1ch trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n du l\u1ecbch. Ph\u00fa Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1ecb th\u1ef1c thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho du kh\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 Ph\u00fa Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng r\u00e0o chi\u1ebfm b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t resort cao c\u1ea5p. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 13km B\u00e3i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u00fa Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm b\u1edfi c\u00e1c resort trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. L\u00e0ng ch\u00e0i H\u00e0m Ninh \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u00fa Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3ng c\u00e1, du thuy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 du l\u1ecbch. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng, kho x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n, nh\u00e0 \u1edf,…\u0111\u00e3 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean \u1edf v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng ch\u00e0i, g\u00e2y m\u1ea5t th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng khu v\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 lu\u1ef5 li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh quan \u0111ang khi\u1ebfn l\u00e0ng ch\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a du l\u1ecbch, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn sinh k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf ph\u00eda b\u00ean trong, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eafm bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed. Quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 n\u00e9t trong th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf d\u1ea3i ven bi\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.2. Quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n trong thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f3a XIII ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 06 n\u0103m 2015 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua lu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 82\/2015\/QH13 – Lu\u1eadt T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o n\u0103m 2015, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp quy ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00f9ng b\u1edd. H\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t ven bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i; duy tr\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh quan t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u1edd; gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ea1t l\u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n; \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n d\u00e2ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n [2]. Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Th\u00f4ng t\u01b0 29\/2016\/TT-BTNMT ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2016, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c, ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean 5 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n; Th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng b\u1edd; S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ven bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 sinh k\u1ebf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3n; Hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 quy ho\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n [1]. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Th\u00f4ng t\u01b0 29 kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb khi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o ra \u0111\u1eddi, sau h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tri\u1ec3n khai Lu\u1eadt, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6\/2017, m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 9\/28 t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean d\u1ea3i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng gian ven bi\u1ec3n \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 quy m\u00f4 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kho\u00e1 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c resort, khu kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c trong x\u00e1c l\u1eadp h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i,… T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cao c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u0103n h\u1ed9 ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng bi\u1ec3n v\u1eabn \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng cao, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng GDP c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Do \u0111\u00f3, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1edbm h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong x\u00e1c l\u1eadp h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

   Quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n \u1edf d\u1ea3i ven bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Nam Trung B\u1ed9 (\u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng) tr\u1edf v\u00e0o. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t resort, khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cao c\u1ea5p, kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n,…d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, b\u1ecbt l\u1ed1i d\u1eabn ra bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng vui ch\u01a1i, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed \u1edf b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c resort; c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n do c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho thu\u00ea gh\u1ebf, d\u00f9 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng gian b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n,… \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch l\u1eabn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh th\u00e1i, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p l\u00fd h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n cho d\u1ea3i ven bi\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhanh ch\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00e1c sai ph\u1ea1m trong l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ra. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia \u00fd ki\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*L\u1eddi c\u1ea3m \u01a1n:<\/strong> <\/em>B\u00e0i b\u00e1o<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh <\/em>trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i NCKH c\u1ea5p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 <\/em>KC.09.17\/16-20. T\u1eadp th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 xin ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m \u01a1n!<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. <\/em><\/strong>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Th\u00f4ng t\u01b0 s\u1ed1 29\/2016\/BTNMT v\u1ec1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u00e0nh lang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n<\/em>, ra ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2016.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam (2015), Lu\u1eadt T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o<\/em>, Lu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 82\/2015\/QH13.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (2016), S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u<\/em> th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 2016, <\/em>http:\/\/gso.gov.vn\/<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    II. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o ti\u1ebfng Anh<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. Batongbakal, J.L (2002), A Crowded Shoreline \u2013 Review of the Philippines\u2019 Foreshore and Shore Land Management Policies<\/em>, The Coastal Resource Management Project \u2013 Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Tetra Tech EM, Inc, 39 pages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. Department of Ecology \u2013 State of Washington (2011), SMP (Shoreline Management Program) Handbook<\/em>, 572 pages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. European Commission and European MSP Platform (2017), Coastal and Maritime Tourism<\/em>, Roundtable discussion paper, Technical Study \u2013 MSP as a tool to support Blue Growth, 11-12 October 2017, pp.155-164.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. Gillian Cambers, Annette Muehlig-Hofmann, Dirk Troost (2003), Coastal Land Tenure: a Small-islands\u2019 Perspective<\/em>, Environment and Development in Coastal Regions and in Small Islands \u2013 Unesco, 16 pages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    5. N\u00e9stor G.Navarro (2000), Public Waterfront Access: a Comparison of Integrated Coastal Management in Canada and the United States<\/em>, Report No. 264, Simon Fraser University, 92 pages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    6. Robert Grac\u00eda, Erica Flores Baltodano (2005), Free the Beach! Access, Equal Justice, and the California Coast<\/em>,  2 Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties 143, pp.144-208.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    7. San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (2005), Shoreline Spaces \u2013 Public Access Design Guidelines for the San Francisco Bay<\/em>, 33 pages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    8. Simpson, Murray C., Merce Clarke, Colleen S.L., Clarke, John D., Scott, Daniel, Clarke, Alexander J. (2012), Coastal Setbacks in Latin America and the Caribbean<\/em>, Inter-American Development Bank, 175 pages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    9. State government of Nova Scotia (2009), Public Coastal Access \u2013 the 2009 State of Nova Scotia\u2019s Coast Report<\/em>, 4 pages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    10. Sunde Jackie and Isaacs Moenieba (2008), Marine Conservation and Coastal Communities: Who Carries the Costs? \u2013 A Study of Marine Protected Areas and Their Impact on Traditional Small-scale Fishing Communities in South Africa<\/em>, International Collective in Support of Fishworkers, India, 48 pages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    11. The World Bank, Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Economies<\/em>, http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/environment\/brief\/oceans<\/a>, ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i ng\u00e0y 6\/4\/2018, truy c\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 09\/05\/2018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    12. Vickey Nicole, Understanding and Providing Public Access to Connecticut\u2019s Coast<\/em>, Connecticut Sea Grant, 18 pages.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      (B\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, s\u1ed1 4(23) n\u0103m 2018, trang 11-17)<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      QUY\u1ec0N TI\u1ebeP C\u1eacN C\u1ee6A NG\u01af\u1edcI D\u00c2N V\u1edaI BI\u1ec2N: TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI V\u00c0 VI\u1ec6T NAM Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb H\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh, \u0110\u1eb7ng … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":592,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/humangeography.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/590"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/humangeography.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/humangeography.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/humangeography.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/humangeography.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=590"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/humangeography.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/590\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":607,"href":"https:\/\/humangeography.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/590\/revisions\/607"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/humangeography.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/592"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/humangeography.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=590"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/humangeography.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=590"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/humangeography.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=590"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}